5th Hour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

fifth Hour - Essay Example It was engaging discover that Teach for America targets taking care of instructive issues related with populace decent variety. The association would give effective pathways to authority and administration to all residents inside America. Matt Kramer introduced Team for America targets and command with energy and authority. I loved his speech abilities. He talked smoothly and distinctively all through the meeting. His transformative abilities delineated the type of pioneers Team for America purposes to create. He composed his exercises easily and included every single existing individual from Team for America in his choices. I valued the enlisting procedure Team for America embraced. The association enlisting process appeared to be straightforward and accommodative. The organizations’ educators would comprise of people from various societies. Group for America would draw in ongoing school graduates and different experts in showing programs for at least two years. Enlisted people would show different trains in provincial and urban networks all through America. Group for America would target changing understudies to accomplish their maximum capacity and form into pioneers that advocate instructive value. It was very engaging discover that Team for America educators would get month to month compensation and advantages like government region pay for coaches. I found out about the different advantages that exist for Valparaiso University graduates who will pick to join Team for America. They would investigate various open doors including learning and acknowledging social decent variety. Joining Team for America is a lifetime open door for taking part in life changing

Porter’s notes

Porter’s notes Doormen takes note of that ‘firms, not singular countries, contend in worldwide markets.How does this announcement help to clarify a portion of the significant difficulties confronting MNEs .How do the determinants of national upper hand help clarify how organizations can keep up their financial seriousness? Watchmen note that organizations and not singular countries contend in the global market is an explanation that is substantial and can't be overemphasized. The inclusion of countries in the global market is simply to gauge and to legitimize their reality regarding the all out yield in term of creation from the country. A country with a high creation rate will be evaluated high as far as its GDP which is the market estimation of the aggregate sum of products and enterprises made inside the fringes of that specific nation in a schedule year. This causes countries to urge firms to build up in their nations while they to give favorable condition to such firms to work. These organizations are consistently recipient to the individuals of the country by giving jobs, merchandise and enterprises, salary to the administration, and above all expansion the GDP of the country. The way of life of individuals in the country increments by a sensible pay for every capita. Nonetheless, firms not singular country contends in universal market (Porters; upper hand) and faces different difficulties to have an upper hand over different firms in a similar industry. Intensity is frequently mistaken for profitability. Profitability alludes to the inner capacity of an association, while intensity alludes to the overall situation of an association against its rivals. These two significant ideas are regularly confounded and reciprocally utilized. For instance, in his acclaimed book, The Competitive Advantage of Nations. Watchman (1990, p. 6) says that the main significant idea of seriousness at the national level is national profitability. Intensity may likewise have a particularly extraordinary importance at various degrees of examination †item, firm, industry, and country. Watchman (1990, p. 33) says that the fundamental unit of examination for understanding rivalry is the â€Å"industry,† while the title of his book alludes to â€Å"nations.† He likewise says that organizations, not countries, contend in universal markets. (http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/eb046319 ) To develop to the degree of turning into a MNE, the organization more likely than not accomplished to a degree in its nation of origin before broadening the creation/administrations to the next nation. In present day universal rivalry, firms need not to be restricted to their home country; they can rival worldwide techniques in which exercises are situated in numerous nations (Michael .E. Watchman, The Competitive Advantage of Nations). In accomplishing this, parcel of things must be set up and different standards in regards to area of an industry must be thought of. There are different difficulties been looked by global organizations above all and principal, I will get a kick out of the chance to clarify what a worldwide organization is, and what it involves for an organization to be a global. In addition, I will get a kick out of the chance to investigate reasons why organizations go global and considering the significant difficulties they should survive, utilizing common models. Mullti-national Corporation (MNC) or transnational organization (TNC), likewise called global undertaking (MNE), is a company or venture that oversees creation or conveys benefits in more than one nation. Global companies (MNCs) are enterprises that own or control creation or administration offices outside the nation in which they are based.(United Nations, 1973, P. 23) The ascent of Globalization has constrained and empowered more organizations to wander abroad so as to flourish for greater productivity: greater market, less expensive crude materials, and lower work costs. In any case, MNCs have likewise seen that the more nations they enter, the more moral issues show up. Best case scenario, in any event, when MNCs are managing one just one culture, they are as of now confronting moral troubles; as they experience at least two unique societies, it would turn out to be very problematical. http://www.cheathouse.com/article/essay_view.php?p_essay_id=50620#ixzz0fA3KI9ss A portion of the significant difficulties firms faces incorporates; monetary shortcoming, value rivalry, fear based oppression, higher cost, natural concern, change of government/guideline issues, medical issues/danger, government arrangements and so on . By following the globalization crusade, worldwide organizations flexibly chains can be advanced, significant expenses work power can be changed and potential markets can be extended. Significantly, upper hands of organizations can be fortified in a worldwide market. Something else, a few issues are met in the changed conditions in remote nations simultaneously. The changed situations can be separated into four fundamental angles, to be specific, social condition, lawful condition, monetary condition and political framework issues. All the changed situations make issues to global organizations. Specifically, issues which are brought about by changed culture condition are the most genuine part of maintaining a worldwide business. . (h ttp://www.oppapers.com/articles/Discuss-Management-Problems-Facing-Multinational-Companies/120224) Firms in different ventures faces various difficulties whether residential or internatonal, this could be clarified with the five serious power where all the difficulties are exemplified. The five serious powers as per Porters are: The danger of new participants The danger of substitute items or administrations The dealing intensity of providers The dealing intensity of purchasers The contention between the current contenders. These five serious powers decide the degree of seriousness and the structure of different businesses. Doormen five powers is a system for the business examination and business technique advancement created by Michael E. Doorman of Harvard Business School in 1979. It utilizes ideas creating, Industrial Organization (IO) financial matters to infer five powers that decide the serious force and along these lines allure of a market. Engaging quality in this setting alludes to the general business gainfulness. An ugly industry is one where the mix of powers acts to drive down by and large productivity. An ugly industry would be one moving toward unadulterated rivalry. Three of Porters five powers allude to rivalry from outside sources while the staying two are inward dangers. For appropriate and subjective comprehension, it is valuable to utilize Porters five powers related to SWOT examination (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats). Five Forces Analysis accept that there are five significant powers that decide serious force in a circumstance. These are: Provider Power: Here you survey how simple it is for providers to drive up costs. This is driven by the quantity of providers of each key info, the uniqueness of their item or administration, their quality and authority over you, the expense of changing starting with one then onto the next, etc. The less the provider decisions you have, and the more you need providers help, the more remarkable your providers are. Purchaser Power: Here you approach yourself how simple it is at purchasers to drive costs down. Once more, this is driven by the quantity of purchasers, the significance of every individual purchaser to your business, the expense to them of changing from your items and administrations to those of another person, etc. In the event that you manage not many, ground-breaking purchasers, they are frequently ready to direct terms to you. Serious Rivalry: What is significant here is the number and capacity of your rivals in the event that you have numerous contenders, and they offer similarly alluring items and administrations, at that point youll doubtlessly have little force in the circumstance. On the off chance that providers and purchasers dont get a decent arrangement from you, theyll go somewhere else. Then again, on the off chance that nobody else can do what you do, at that point you can regularly have huge quality. Danger of Substitution: This is influenced by the capacity of your clients to locate an alternate method of doing what you accomplish for instance, on the off chance that you gracefully a special programming item that mechanizes a significant procedure, individuals may substitute by doing the procedure physically or by re-appropriating it. In the event that replacement is simple and replacement is practical, at that point this debilitates your capacity. Danger of New Entry: Power is additionally influenced by the capacity of individuals to enter your market. On the off chance that it costs little in time or cash to enter your market and contend successfully, if there are scarcely any economies of scale set up, or on the off chance that you have little assurance for your key advancements, at that point new contenders can rapidly enter your market and debilitate your position. In the event that you have solid and strong hindrances to section, at that point you can save a good position and exploit it. http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTMC_08.htm Countries job also couldn't be subverted in any global business. Utilizing thePEST investigation (Political.Economical, Social and Technological), one will see that organizations/businesses can just thrive in zones where there is a settled political, monetary, social, and innovative movement. Thinking about the instance of dell in Brazil, dell was at a state of situation as a result of policy driven issues (change of government). For global organizations, political riskrefers to the dangers been confronted when a host nation l settle on political choices thatwill demonstrate to effectsly affect the multinationals benefits or potentially objectives. Unfavorable political activities can run from very detrimental,such as across the board demolition because of insurgency, to those of an increasingly monetary nature, for example, the making of laws that forestall the development of capital. For example,after Fidel Castros government assumed responsibility for Cubain 1959,hundreds of a hug e number of dollars worth of American-ownedassets and compan

Students will report on Private Sector Forum on Migration and Refugees tomorrow COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Students will report on Private Sector Forum on Migration and Refugees tomorrow COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog More than 200 UN leaders, government officials, and business and philanthropic executives will gather on September 20 Student rapporteurs including seven current SIPA enrollees will take part in this  week’s Private Sector Forum on Migration and Refugees, a gathering of more than 200 UN leaders, government officials, and business and philanthropic executives who will discuss the private sector’s role and responsibility in helping to address global migration and refugee challenges. Participating students will use SIPA’s Twitter and Facebook pages to extend the conversation to the larger SIPA community and beyond. The September 20 program is a project of the Columbia Global Policy Initiative (CGPI) in partnership with the nonprofit organization Concordia, the International Organization for Migration, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, among others. It’s part of the 2016 Concordia Summit, an annual gathering of public, private, and nonprofit leaders in New York City. It also complements the landmark UN Summit for Refugees and Migrants, which will have convened more than 150 world leaders the previous day for consideration of related issues. Participants in the private sector forum will discuss new approaches to private investment in refugee hosting areas as well as education initiatives, connectivity for refugees, the role of local governments in addressing migration, and other areas for fertile public-private partnerships that can make a difference in the lives of millions of forced migrants around the world. The discussions will culminate in new initiatives and commitments and will create a call to action for leadership across sectors. Later this fall, CGPI will publish a report on the forum that draws on the student-authored reports. Members of the student-run SIPA Migration Working Group are also planning a follow-up symposium to discuss the forum as well as the importance of engaging multiple stakeholders to address ongoing challenges. To be held on October 5, that symposium will also receive support from the CGPI. Follow the student rapporteurs on Twitter at @ColumbiaSIPA

Types of plagiarism

Plagiarism can cause a lot of problems that is why it is very important to avoid it. Sometimes people get accused of plagiarism because they didnt know about some kinds of plagiarism. Knowing basic types of plagiarism and some ways to avoid them can help a lot in writing the papers. Basically, plagiarism is using of someone elses work and presenting it or its part as your own. Also plagiarism is considered to be stealing, because if you use someone elses ideas and do not cite them, you steal them from the original author. There are few basic types of plagiarism that you should know in order to avoid them. First one is considered to be the most serious. It is Copy and Paste plagiarism. This type of plagiarism occurs when a person copies a fragment of the writing from the source and pastes it into his own work without citing this source. Usually people who do this risk a lot, because it is very easy to find this type plagiarism in the writing. In order to avoid this it you should put quotation marks around the fragment that had been used and put a reference for the source that has been used. Another type of plagiarism is Word Switch Plagiarism. It happens when you take a phrase or a sentence from the source and switch few words. It is still plagiarism because the main concept of the sentence or phrase stays the same. In this case you just use someone custom writing ideas in stead of your own. This type of plagiarism is also known as paraphrasing. If you take a phrase from the source and rephrase it with your own words you still have to put a reference for this phrase, because the idea and the though that you used are not yours. Metaphor Plagiarism also happens a lot usually in creative writings. While writing a creative paper, people like to use metaphors because they make their writing more interesting and creative. It happens a lot that a person cannot come up with his/her own metaphor, thats why they use other well-known metaphors. Without proper citing this is considered to be a plagiarism. If you want to use a metaphor that is not yours, you should include a source for it. Another very common type of plagiarism is Idea Plagiarism. It occurs often because not everyone knows about it. The concept of this plagiarism is that people use someone elses ideas, like solution for something. If you write about some common things that are well known, you do not have to put a reference for them, but if you write about some specific ideas or concepts that were written by other people, you should put reference for them. Reasoning Style or Organization Plagiarism also occurs a lot. When we take an article or some kind of source and follow it paragraph by paragraph, it is also considered to be a plagiarism, even if you do not copy it word by word and change the sentences. It is considered to be a plagiarism because you use the authors style and structure in the writing. Another type of plagiarism occurs a lot when people use statistics and images from other sources without referencing. It is very important to put a reference for every chart, table or statistics that you use in the paper. Not everyone knows that putting on a reference list some sources that you really didnt use in your writing is also a plagiarism. It becomes a problem when students just write down necessary number of sources even if they havent read them at all. Self-Plagiarism occurs when you use your own work that you have written before. If you do so, you must reference all the materials from the previous work appropriately. Another type of plagiarism that happens extremely often in the school or college is Collusion. It happens when you copy the work that have been written by another student. If you are the person who gave your work to someone else to copy, you will also have a problems as well as that person. All the types of plagiarism that are listed above can cause a lot of serious problems to the person who uses them. They may get a bad grade as well as fail the class. You should be very careful while using any kind of information from the sources. In order to avoid any type of plagiarism in your paper you should make sure to cite ALL the sources used in your paper properly.

`` Blood Done Sign My Name `` By Timothy B. Tyson

Every American history class addresses the civil rights movement. Yet, author Timothy B. Tyson, in his novel Blood Done Sign My Name, specifically discusses the use of violence in this well-known movement. As a way to draw attention, many groups turn to acts of violence to attempt to rectify social injustice. Although violence may not directly change a negative situation, it indirectly helped the civil rights movement by drawing attention to the rising racial conflicts in Oxford, North Carolina, in hopes to find racial equality. The American Civil Rights movement holds a reputation for being a peaceful revolution, based on Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s doctrines of nonviolent civil disobedience. Unfortunately, the general public has an incomplete view of Dr. King, and this carries over into an incorrect version of the civil rights movement. Most Americans know about King’s ideas and speeches on equality, human rights, and means of civil achievement. However, most remain unaware of his radical economic and political ideas, which are frequently over-looked. Tyson quotes King who said, â€Å"We are called upon to raise certain basic questions about the whole society†¦ We must recognize that we can’t solve our problem now until there is a radical redistribution of economic and political power† (107). Tyson goes on to explain, â€Å"The radicalism of Dr. King’s thought, the militancy of his methods, and the rebuke that he offered to American capitalism have given way to dep ictions of a manShow MoreRelatedTimothy B. Tyson s Radio Free Dixie : Robert F Williams And The Roots Of Black Power1300 Words   |  6 PagesTimothy B. Tyson is a teacher, historian, research scholar, and an award-winning author. Tyson was born in North Carolina in 1959 and was raised there his whole life. In 1987, Tyson earned a B.A. at Emory University and then his Ph. D in history at Duke University in 1994. He also became an assistant professor of Afro-American Studies at the University of Wisconsin -Madison the same year he received his Ph.D., and later became a full-time professor. Tyson currently stays in Madison, Wisconsin withRead MoreEssay about Timothy Tysons Blood Done Sign My Name1562 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we examine the various approaches for the Civil Rights Movement that are discussed in Blood Done Sign My Name we find that there is no one clear answer as to which is more affective, because it was the combination of all three: radical, liberal, and conservati ve that finally pushed some of what the Civil Rights Movement strived for. No approach on its own was able to do anything, whether it was the nonviolent marches and demonstrations which were not able to grab the attention of the whiteRead MoreDecoted to Civil Rights in Timothy B. Tysons Book, Blood Done Sign My Name1877 Words   |  8 Pages Simplicity is forsaken. Stereotypes are removed. And history materializes as a stirring call for reaction. Timothy B. Tyson confronts readers with a stunning reversal and revisal of the common memoirs devoted to civil rights in his book, Blood Done Sign My Name. Although Tyson’s perspective appears to support the violent strategies employed by frustrated activists, his chronicle of commonplace dialogue, murder, and reconciliation can be used as a supplementary lens of understanding throughRead MoreAmerican History Class Address The Civil Rights Movement1386 Words   |  6 PagesEvery American history class address the civil right s movement. Yet, author Timothy B. Tyson, in his novel Blood Done Sign My Name, specifically discusses the use of violence in this well-known movement. As a way to draw attention, many groups turn to acts of violence to attempt to rectify social injustice. Although violence may not directly change a negative situation, it indirectly helped the civil rights movement by drawing attention to the rising racial conflicts in Oxford, North Carolina, inRead MoreCivil Rights Movement : North Carolina1680 Words   |  7 Pagesbegan his address to the legislature with: â€Å"I am not here to discuss evolution as a biologist, but to speak in behalf of human liberty.† He concluded with, â€Å"If it be treason to oppose the bill offered in the name of tyranny over the mind†¦I wish to stand here in the name of progress and make my protest.† Thru the years, North Carolina legislators continued the mission to protect students from what they considered seditious influences. In 1963, during the final day of the legislative session in NorthRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:

Marketing plan in mortgage services Free Essays

Owning a home is an American dream that mortgage services is positioned to a lucrative business investment.   However, there are several factors that influence market decisions where market research can be useful.   One important area is researching about the historical and forecasted changes in market value. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing plan in mortgage services or any similar topic only for you Order Now    When values are expected to rise, the firm has greater potential to be successful in its expansion plan.   People are motivated to mortgage home purchase when there is a likely price gain. Similarly valuable is to determine other economic indicators such as trends of wage rate, income taxes and also mortgage rate, down payment and monthly payment limits.   In expanding to four other states, there may be local policies and regulations that can modify economic characteristics from Idaho which could trigger different marketing strategies.   For example, declining salaries in one state can reduce ability of the market to pay monthly installments. There are also other alternatives to purchasing a primary or secondary home that minimizes the market for mortgage services.   In effect, the advantages and disadvantages of decision substitutes should be compared to home mortgage.   Factors to consider are the costs and tax benefit of home improvements, profitability of real estate investment trust (REIT) and buying-versus-renting performance.   There might be a need for the firm to search for other lenders that can offer more attractive provisions to outweigh the benefits of decisions substitutes. For example, longer mortgage period may be necessary to bring down monthly installments and be competitive to comparative monthly rental fees.   It is also helpful to gather information on population mobility (i.e. tendency to transfer to other states or countries) or the visitor performance on the four states.   When they are people have high mobility or the state does not receive substantial visits, the location is less attractive for homeowners which can suggest new strategies to the firm. Marketing Medium In its expansion, the company is required to inform the market of its existence including its market position and branding.   Inability to establish good faith credentials to the market can lead to business failure.   It can tap useful business partners.   Local authorities and agencies that administer the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Administration (VA) loans are the primary channels of the firm since it offer services for FHA and VA loans. The firm can be also referred by home sellers to their clients which can lead to a win-win situation for all parties.   The company and home sellers can develop their market while clients are provided with value-added services with the opportunity to get financial support.   REIT and landlords can also supply the needed campaign because they too necessitate home appraisal for investment decisions.   Although they are not included in the customer list of the company, citing the firm as cost efficient provider of mortgage services is a mechanism in better servicing the interest of their investors/ occupants. Publicity can also provide the necessary marketing medium.   It can advertise the company on a wider scale without the communication to several parties rather than single marketing agency.   As an alternative, the company can develop its own publicity by designing an advertising or promotional campaign.   Local newspapers can highlight the services offered, target market, average mortgage rate and service fee that are offered by the firm. This can create initial perception about its positioning (e.g. low-cost service provider).   Feedback is important in any campaign to determine if the market has gained perception similar to what the company intends to be.   In this view, it is important to include in the newspaper ad contact details such as telephone number, website and address.   Getting the feedback is important since being a low-cost service provider can create impression that the service is inferior to others offering higher prices. Target Markets Being a low-cost service provider, the firm is expected to attract the low-income segment and parts of middle-income segment.   This is concretized by the fact that the firm is offering a start-to-finish approach where clients can have full services from loan application, home appraisal and contract delivery.   The work-oriented lifestyle of these segments can receive significant benefits of this approach since they can save time, money and simplify issues associated with home purchases/ loan. Primary and secondary homeowners are also target market.   The former are inexperienced and the consultancy services can serve as guide in decision-making.   In the contrary, the latter are experienced but are in need of refinancing services as they find a more attractive loan contract from different lender or have changed their mind regarding their initial home purchase.   Acquirer of leisure properties are also target market because the company has a portfolio of different lenders who can meet the requirements of such loan. As FHA loans will likely consist of low- and middle-income segment, VA loans bring forth a new segment.   This includes retirees and at least fifty year old people or their widows who intend to marry again.   The service that can be offered to them is advisory particularly on issues such as enjoying â€Å"double† exemption for capital-gain tax in case of selling a home which subsequently mean getting the exemption first before remarrying.   Further, older people have less time to manage their properties particularly researching, monitoring and evaluation of economic trends. As a result, most of their decisions are based on experience and judgment.   The company can intervene in this case in offering valuable services to contribute the missing link of older people’s considerations.   Lastly, the company can attract potential market that places their investments in stocks, bonds and mutual funds.   With lowest fees and integrated service, real estate investment has relatively lower transaction costs than other investment choices. 4Ps and SIVA on Marketing Plan The market research provides information that will shape the products of the company as they require adjustment based on state-specific factors.   It also contributes on pricing the service as low-price services may not appeal to the local market making the current position less effective.   Therefore, necessary promotions that can add value to the service can be initiated.   In using each marketing medium, the company can increase its presence and market penetration to each state. It can rationalize the need for publicity and additional expenses for advertising depending on the market behavior and strength of local housing authorities in influencing them.   For example, if housing is strictly regulated or supporting mechanisms are minimal, the company may likely opt to use the media in increasing awareness and demand.   By determining target markets, the scanning done in market research and identification of potential marketing medium will be evaluated based the characteristics of the market.   Target markets is the most crucial part of the marketing plan because it simplifies consideration of the factors in general environment and marketing medium to those that are only significant in influencing market behavior. Satisfaction of the market is addressed when the company offers products and services that are relevant to their current needs.   This includes augmenting loopholes of local housing authorities in providing related services and incentives.   Their interests are activated by actively establishing business partners through local housing authorities, home sellers, REIT and other parties related to housing sector.   Word-of-mouth marketing is acquired.   The value for money regarding the services of the company is aligned to the income situation of its target market which assures an effective strategy.   On the other hand, well-off segment would see the low-price service as opportunity to get a second opinion and increase lender alternative.   Finally, convenience in accessing the firm’s services is supported also by various marketing medium. References Geller, L. (2002) Response: The Complete Guide to Profitable Direct Marketing. New York: Oxford University Press. Hitt, M., Hoskisson, R. Ireland, R. (2003) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. 5th Ed. South Western: Thomson Learning. Kotler, P. (2003) Marketing Management.11th Ed, NJ: Prentice Hall. How to cite Marketing plan in mortgage services, Essay examples

Stephen King Research Paper free essay sample

Stephen King’s View on Fame Stephen King is a contemporary writer who has written many books in his lifetime. In his novel Misery, he discusses the consequences or bad sides of being famous. This normal average man, other than being a world famous author, acts as a regular individual in his daily life. In Stephen King’s Misery, King uses Paul Sheldon, as a doppelganger of himself to describe the horrors of being a famous person in the worst situation, showing readers that it is not so bad to be a regular person. Born on September 21, 1947 in Portland, Maine, Stephen King was a surprise to his family. Stephen was raised by a mostly single parent. Stephen’s father â€Å"left the house to buy a pack of cigarettes†¦but never returned. Stephen King hasn’t seen his father since† (Biography of Stephen King). Stephen lived from different places in Massachusetts and Maine, moving around with his mom, Nellie King, and his adopted older brother, David. We will write a custom essay sample on Stephen King Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During his childhood, King apparently witnessed one of his friends being struck and killed by a train. King returned from playing with the boy â€Å"speechless and seemingly in shock† (Beahm 101). This incident in believed by some critics and readers to have inspired or changed King’s mind to write some scarier or darker stories. King’s love of writing started in 1959 when he was 12. His brother, David, had a local â€Å"newspaper† called â€Å"Dave’s Rag†. Stephen wrote some articles and reviews for shows and movies. With a small amount of people even reading â€Å"Dave’s Rag†, Stephen still found that people liked his writing. Inspired by this he wrote short stories and sold them to people in his neighborhood for thirty cents. He sometimes even sold his work in school until he wasn’t allowed to anymore.

The Flying Machine free essay sample

Also examined, are the ethics of intonating technological advancement and possible negative ramifications of technology evolving and therefore the loss of ultimate control over his empire. The emperor considers his empire to be beautiful when all is in order and his people are fully under his control. The flying machine exposes his vulnerability and puts his power at risk. These are some of the core ideas that The Flying Machine explores.Through the use and development of literary devices such as tone, diction, imagery, and very specific themes, Bradbury effectively displays the importance of the possible negative outcome of genealogy moving forward too quickly and resulting in risks to the Emperors empire. One of the themes of the story is the ethics around the creation of technology and the fear of change; the fear of change in technological advancement and the negative impact it could have on mankind and providing freedom. We will write a custom essay sample on The Flying Machine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Towards the end of the story, the Emperor mentions he does not fear the creator of the flying machine, but rather another man with an evil face and an evil heart (Bradbury 4). He is afraid that another man will not see the beauty in what the inventor has created, but instead he will see it s an opportunity for corrupt and destructive plans such as the freedom to move outside the walls. If this invention were to allow people to leave the walls, the Emperors authority would be demolished. One of the important parts of being Emperor, is that he has control over everything within the wall. He thrives on being in charge and having control over all of his servants, and is of higher status than them. Perhaps, creating something of this level, without the permission of the Emperor, would give his people choices and allow them to be free. Allowing the inventor to have this flying machine would UT his power in jeopardy, and allow him to be vulnerable. He questions the flier of what he has done: What have you done? Demanded the Emperor. I have flown in the sky, Your Excellency, replied the man. What have you done? Said the Emperor again. l have just told you! cried the flier. You have told me nothing at all. (2) The inventor speaks in a very confident, but respectful tone, but is quite obviously proud of his creation. He does not realize the negative ramifications that his invention may have on the empire, he is just proud of the beauty in it. The Emperor tries to warn him that someone else may not see the beauty, but may use it for evil, but he does not understand, so he is executed so that no one will know of him or his invention.The story utilizes the term beauty and applies it to two different meanings; the raw beauty of a creation, to the flier, and the beauty of power, to the Emperor. A very important aspect of this story is the setting. Being set in ancient China, something like the flying machine would be considered a miracle (1), given the time. Being a country where all information is carefully controlled, meeting that showed innovation would be considered a threat.An invention such as this appearing in modern day would be notable, but would not be of the same level of significance as it is during an ancient and restrained period. Intricate and advanced technology did not exist at this point in time, causing the Emperor to immediately be cautious about the situation and aware of the danger that could be caused by someone thinking for himself and creating this invention. He is instantly defensive of the protected empire over which he rules. The diction used in this story is quite simple.None of the characters use overly complicated language, though they all speak in specific tones. These tones demonstrate the chain of command within the empire. The servant speaks with respect in his words: Please, said the servant at last, or he will be gone (1 The servant always speaks to the Emperor with respect because he is the head of the empire and the servant looks up to him. He never disrespects the Emperor because they are on two different levels of status. The flier speaks with words of confidence, because e only sees the beauty in his creation.He is proud of his machine: is the only one in the world! smiled the man. And I am the inventor m (2). He is blind to the idea of his device being used for evil. He is very confused when the Emperor instantly calls the guards to restrain him. Being overcome with the beautiful machine he made, he is not aware that he has overstepped his boundaries within this confined empire. The Emperor uses many literary devices to be descriptive in his language and to show his opinion of beauty. For instance, he uses imagery when ascribing his surroundings: Nanning himself against a warm breeze when a servant ran across the scarlet and blue garden tiles, (1). The story uses imagery in a way that allows the beauty of the empire to be imaginable. The Emperors real idea of beauty is revealed when he speaks of his own invention, a microcosm of his empire; the perfectly manipulated society. All of the animals moved as he thought they should and all of the people did what he wanted them to: Is it not beautiful? said the Emperor. If you asked me what I have done here, I could tell answer you well.I have made birds sing, I have made forests murmur, I have set people walking in his woodland, (3) His picturesque toy-like creation allows him to have full control over his empire, something he has created within the confines of the wall. When in this perfected world, he is never in a vulnerable position; he is always the highest power and has command of his people. In order to not be vulnerable, he says %.. One must lose a little beauty if one is to keep what little beauty one already has (3). This brings into question if the needs of many outweigh the deeds of few.The Emperors decision to execute the flier was based on his firm belief of protecting his people. The fliers invention could put the entire empire at risk by providing a means of escape, so, in the mind of the Emperor, it was the right decision. In this case, the Emperor was resolute in his choice, and is looking to protect his kingdom and the management of his people, described as beauty, which he has created with his empire. Having the flier and the flying machine around puts that at risk. In his mind, he needed to sacrifice one for the good of many.

Post-War Review of Sri Lanka

Post-War Review of Sri Lanka Free Online Research Papers Abstract: On 19 May 2009 the President of Sri Lanka, Mahinda Rajapakse, declared that the conflict between the Government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was over and that the Government had prevailed. Dramatic military advances since the beginning of 2008 have led to the LTTE’s apparent military defeat and the elimination of most, perhaps all, of its leadership. However, the humanitarian cost has been very high and both parties to the conflict stand accused of war crimes. Sri Lanka now faces the twin challenges of reconstruction and, if peace is to be sustainable, implementing political and constitutional reforms that will provide genuine stability to the north and east, where Tamils are in the majority. This paper provides an account over the violation of International Humanitarian Law during last phase of war. This paper also surveys the humanitarian situation in the internment camps and possible war crimes committed by the government force. It concludes by considering Sri Lanka’s future prospects, including assessing how real the Government’s military victory is and whether genuine political and constitutional reforms are likely to be introduced. Introduction: Sri Lanka, a small island?state in the midst of the Indian Ocean, possesses a deeply conflicted history. Scholars rave about â€Å"the Resplendent Isle† as a rich case study in conflict, economics, and culture. Tourists find themselves enchanted by the temperate climate and colorful customs. But to the inhabitants of this developing country, the island has long been a broken home. Indeed, many Sri Lankans could best describe it as a place of death, devastation, and discrimination. Over the past two decades the people of Sri Lanka have grown accustomed to violence, political instability and economic hardship (Liddick Gagnon, 2009). The majority group today is the Sinhalese, comprising an estimated 74% of the population, who are overwhelmingly Theravada Buddhist in their religious affiliation. The largest minority group is the Tamils, comprising an estimated 18% of the population, who are predominantly Hindu. The other significant minority group is the Sri Lankan Muslims, who make up an estimated 7% of the population. Other minority groups make up 1% of the population (Lunn, Taylor and Townsend, 2009) The violence between the Sri Lankan Government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) began in July of 1983, marked by some of the worst communal rioting in Sri Lanka’s history. Since then both have been involved in war-game. Between 1983 and the end of 2000, a staggering 60,000 Sri Lankans had been killed in the war (Liddick Gagnon, 2009). On the 22nd of February 2002, the Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) signed a permanent Ceasefire Agreement (CFA), formalizing the unilateral truce declared by the Tigers. The Norwegian peace envoys who facilitated the signing of the agreement were backed by the Co-chairs of the donor countries who were overseeing the Sri Lankan peace process, namely the EU, USA, Japan and Norway (Lunn, Taylor and Townsend, 2009; Permanent People’s Tribunal: Tribunal on Sri Lanka, 2010) Despite the historical significance of the ceasefire, its benefits were short lived as the CFA gradually fell apart. Levels of violence steadily increased between 2004 and 2007. By 2007, five years after the CFA was signed, the situation was described as â€Å"undeclared war† characterized by high casualties, humanitarian strife and large- scale displacement. Following the completion of the eastern offensives, the GoSL announced that its troops would be moved to the northern areas, in order to regain the â€Å"guerrilla- administered territory†. On the 2nd of January 2008, the GoSL officially revealed its withdrawal from the CFA. Both parties accused each other of violating the CFA and thus weakening the mutual confidence that had been achieved. In January 2009 the Sri Lankan armed forces achieved a decisive breakthrough in the north. The Tamil Tigers lost the key town of Kilinochchi and Elephant Pass, the strategic causeway between the Jaffna peninsula and the main body of the island of Sri Lanka. The army then laid siege to Mullaitivu, the last remaining town controlled by the LTTE, and quickly captured it too. Over the following three months the Sri Lankan military gradually reclaimed the last remaining territory. The authorities largely ignored growing international condemnation of its failure to protect the civilians caught up in the fighting. The LTTE was accused of using civilians as ‘human shields’, both parties to the conflict were accused of committing war crimes. The end finally came on 18 May, when the last piece of territory was claimed. Most, if not all, of the LTTE’s leadership, including its commander in chief, Vellupillai Prabhakaran, were killed (Lunn, Taylor and Townsend, 2009). International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Sri Lankan War: The International Humanitarian Law (IHL) was agreed in Geneva, Switzerland in 1949 covers the rules of war; It is also known as part of the Geneva Conventions as it constitutes the rules of war to protect civilians trapped in war (Gasser, 1993; Tamiya, 2009). There were numerous accusations that Sri Lankan security forces were guilty of violating the Geneva Conventions on warfare and of having committed gross war crimes and crimes against humanity, particularly during the last five months of the war, between January and May 2009. (U.S. Department of State: Report to Congress on Incidents During the Recent Conflict in Sri Lanka, 2009; Permanent People’s Tribunal: Tribunal on Sri Lanka, 2010) The endgame and aftermath of the armed conflict between the Sri Lankan government and the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) dominated events in Sri Lanka throughout 2009. During the last months of the war, both sides committed serious violations of international humanitarian law, in what a senior United Nations official described as a â€Å"bloodbath,† while the overall human rights situation in the country continued to deteriorate as the government adopted increasingly repressive policies (Human Rights Watch, Country Summary, 2010). In a research paper, War and peace in Sri Lanka, Lunn, Taylor and Townsend described: As the conflict entered its final days, UN officials said that the â€Å"bloodbath† about which they had warned had become â€Å"a reality†. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) described the situation as an â€Å"unimaginable humanitarian catastrophe.† The UN estimates that at least 7000 civilians have been killed since January. Combatant casualties have also been high on both sides. The Irish Forum for Peace claimed that from the time that the war began in July 2006 through April 2009, according to United Nations internal documents, air raids and the use of heavy weaponry resulted in the death of 116 people per day. British and French mainstream media reported that during the final few weeks 20,000 Tamil people were killed. (Permanent People’s Tribunal: Tribunal on Sri Lanka, 2010) During the final months of the conflict that ended in May, the LTTE continued to forcibly recruit civilians, including children, into its forces, used civilians as human shields, and physically prevented and at times shot at Tamil civilians under their control trying to flee the fighting (Human Rights Watch, Country Summary, 2010). Government forces indiscriminately shelled densely populated areas, including hospitals. Both parties prevented vital humanitarian assistance from reaching the civilian population (Permanent People’s Tribunal: Tribunal on Sri Lanka, 2010). Since March 2008 the government has confined displaced Tamils fleeing the fighting. The population of the detention camps skyrocketed to over a quarter million people after the LTTE’s defeat in May. Security forces also detained, in many cases in violation of domestic and international law, more than 10,000 people suspected of LTTE involvement or sympathies. Threats, physical attacks, and arbitrary arrests against journalists, human rights defenders, and humanitarian workers continued unabated, causing significant numbers to leave the country. As in the past, rights violators enjoyed near-complete impunity. Violations of Laws of War On May 19, 2009, the Sri Lankan government declared victory over the LTTE, marking an end to a 26-year-long armed conflict that had caused between 80,000 and 100,000 deaths (Husain, 2009; Hull and Sirilal, 2009; OConnor,2009a; Human Rights Watch, Country Summary, 2010). During the last months of the war both the Sri Lankan armed forces and the LTTE repeatedly violated the laws of war, causing unnecessary civilian suffering and casualties (Tamiya, 2009; U.S. Department of State : Report to Congress on Incidents During the Recent Conflict in Sri Lanka, 2009). In 2010 Human Rights Watch observes that: Forced to retreat by government offensive operations, the LTTE drove civilians into a narrow strip of land on Sri Lanka’s northeastern coast, effectively using several hundred thousand people as human shields. The LTTE shot at and injured or killed many of those trying to flee from the war zone to government-held territory. LTTE forces also deployed near densely populated areas, placing civilians in increased danger of attack. As the fighting intensified, the LTTE stepped up its practice of forcibly recruiting civilians, including children, into its ranks and, to hazardous forced labor on the battlefield. Government forces repeatedly and indiscriminately shelled densely populated areas, sometimes using heavy artillery and other area weapons incapable of distinguishing between civilians and combatants. As the LTTE-controlled area shrank, the government unilaterally declared â€Å"no-fire zones† or â€Å"safe zones† on three different occasions, calling upon civilians to seek shelter there; nevertheless, government forces continued attacking these areas. In disregard of the laws of war, government forces also fired artillery at or near hospitals on at least 30 occasions. High-level government officials tried to justify attacks on civilians by arguing that people remaining in the war zone were LTTE sympathizers and therefore legitimate targets, indicating possible intent to commit war crimes. Permanent People’s Tribunal described the Atrocities of the last weeks of the war as following: The atrocities carried out by the military relate particularly to civilians, and there is evidence of cluster munitions being dropped by warplanes. Some witnesses reported that white phosphorous was used in violation of international law. Several witnesses had seen burn marks on wounded civilians. Others believed that indications of napalm were apparent, and evidence of other incendiary devices has been confirmed by doctors who had cared for hundreds of Tamil civilians wounded in this manner. Civilians in the war zone also suffered from lack of food, water, shelter, and medicines. The government’s decision in September 2008 to order humanitarian agencies out of the LTTE- controlled area greatly exacerbated their plight. Ongoing fighting, lack of oversight, and the manipulation of aid delivery by government and LTTE forces contributed to the deepening humanitarian crisis. Exact information on the extent of humanitarian law violations by both sides as well as casualty figures remains limited, largely because the government barred all independent observers, including the media and human rights organizations, from operating near the war zone. The UN estimated that at least 7,000 people were killed and 13,000 injured during the last five months of the war. Detention Camps for Internally Displaced Persons Since March 2008 the government has confined virtually all civilians displaced by the war in military-controlled detention camps, euphemistically called â€Å"welfare centers.† In violation of international law, the government denied more than 280,000 displaced their rights to liberty and freedom of movement (Hull and Sirilal, 2009; Swaminathan, 2009; U.S. Department of State: Report to Congress on Incidents During the Recent Conflict in Sri Lanka, 2009; Human Rights Watch: Country Summary, 2010; Permanent People’s Tribunal: Tribunal on Sri Lanka, 2010). As of November 18, 2009, six months after the end of hostilities, the government continued to hold more than 129,000 people (more than half of them women and girls) in the camps. Over 80,000 of these were children (Tamiya, 2009; Human Rights Watch, Country Summary, 2010). Permanent People’s Tribunal described the situation as: In the immediate months after the war attention shifted to the plight of over 280,000 Sri Lankan Tamils forced to live in internment camps in the Vanni region. Densely packed in camps, with inadequate infrastructure to provide safe food, water, sanitation and health facilities, the Government announced that the internally displaced people (IDPs) would be kept there until they had been ‘screened’ for possible LTTE sympathies. The government’s refusal to release displaced persons from the camps contributed to severe overcrowding, with many of the camps holding twice the number recommended by the UN. As a result, access to basic requirements such as food, water, shelter, toilets, and bathing, has been inadequate. These conditions imposed particular hardships on the elderly, children, and pregnant women. No Fire Zone (NFZ) Estimated Population, Food Needs, Food Delivered, and Food Deficit * It has been alleged that the Government of Sri Lanka used low civilian estimates in the NFZ to reduce the amount of food disbursed in an effort to pressure civilians to escape. ** Food needs and deficit estimates are based upon the estimation of several organizations that one MT of food per day is needed for 2000 IDPs. Source: U.S. Department of State: Report to Congress on Incidents During the Recent Conflict in Sri Lanka, 2009 The authorities failed to provide camp residents with sufficient information about the reason for their continued detention, the whereabouts of relatives, or the criteria and procedure for their return home. Families in the detention camps had no access to mechanisms for finding missing relatives who might be in other camps or in unofficial detention centers. The military camp administration prevented humanitarian organizations, including the UN and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), from undertaking effective monitoring and protection in the camps. Arbitrary Detention and Enforced Disappearances The government detained more than 10,000 displaced persons at checkpoints and from the camps on suspicion of LTTE involvement, in many cases citing vague and overbroad emergency laws still in force after the end of the war. Many arrests were carried out in violation of domestic and international law. The authorities failed to inform families of their relatives’ fate and whereabouts, raising fears that some detainees were forcibly disappeared. Permanent People’s Tribunal adds: Following the international outcry resulting from the forcible detention of Tamil people in these camps for more than 5 months, the Government announced that a significant number of them would be resettled. However, it has been reported in the BBC and other news media that a considerable number of those released were simply moved to new satellite camps in remote areas. In one of the bloodiest periods of Sri Lanka’s history, from 1988 to 1994, 20,000 people around the country disappeared, although some believe that the true number may be two to three times higher. Currently there are 5,727 unsolved cases of disappearances registered with the United Nations Human Rights Council, one of the worst records in the world (OConnor, 2009b). The authorities also specifically targeted key witnesses to the final stages of the war. They arrested and held for several months several government doctors who had been working in areas under LTTE control and had reported on government shelling and resulting civilian casualties. While in detention the doctors retracted wartime statements, rising suspicion of undue pressure and ill-treatment. Enforced disappearances and abductions, a longstanding and widespread problem in Sri Lanka, continued, especially in the north and east. From January to June 2009, 16 enforced disappearances were reported in Trincomalee district alone (Human Rights Watch, Country Summary, 2010). Justice and Accountability Despite government promises, including in a May 23, 2009 joint statement by President Mahinda Rajapaksa and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, no serious steps have been taken to investigate allegations of human rights and laws-of-war violations during the war’s final months (Bouckaert, 2010; Human Rights Watch: Country Summary, 2010). On the contrary, high-ranking government officials, including the president, repeatedly dismissed such allegations, claiming that there had been no violations by the armed forces. A committee of experts established by Rajapaksa in October to look at United States government allegations of war crimes in Sri Lanka does not have the mandate, resources, or independence to conduct an adequate investigation. The Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) and the Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT) have documented that violations of fundamental human rights are occurring every day. Extrajudicial killings, kidnappings, torture, forced recruitment and other human rights violations are persistent and widespread. Human rights groups and humanitarian agencies are increasingly alarmed by the scale of violations and abuses, and it is feared that the country may fall into a state of complete lawlessness (Andersen and Fernando, 2009). As Pinto-Jayawardena observes: There is a nationwide pattern of custodial torture in Sri Lanka, and custodial deaths are caused by law enforcement officials as part of an established routine. Prison officials admit that torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (CIDTP) occur within prison walls and that there are no regular procedures of inquiry and report. Torture is widely practiced by the military particularly with regard to the armed conflict against the LTTE. The LTTE itself is known for its systematic resort to torture both as a means of punishment of dissenters generally as well as during interrogation. The Government introduced two reprisal regulations called Emergency Regulations in August 2005. In December 2006 these were expanded via the introduction of the Prevention and Prohibition of Terrorism and Specified Terrorist Activities regulations. These regulations allow state authorities to search, detain and arrest without a warrant any person suspected of an offence under the regulations. Detainees can be held up to 12 months without any criminal charge (Andersen and Fernando, 2009; Pinto-Jayawardena, 2009). War Crime Accusations and the findings of Permanent People’s Tribunal: Summing up the facts established before this Tribunal by reports from NGOs, victims’ testimony, eye-witnesses accounts, expert testimony and journalistic reports, the Tribunal is able to distinguish three different kinds of human rights violations committed by the Sri Lankan Government from 2002 (the beginning of the Ceasefire Agreement) to January 2010 (Permanent People’s Tribunal: Tribunal on Sri Lanka, 2010) : Forced â€Å"disappearances† of targeted individuals from the Tamil population; Crimes committed in the re-starting of the war (2006-2009), particularly during the last months of the war: Bombing civilian objectives like hospitals, schools and other non-military targets; Bombing government-proclaimed ‘safety zones’ or ‘no fire zones’; Withholding of food, water, and health facilities in war zones; Use of heavy weaponry, banned weapons and air-raids; Using food and medicine as a weapon of war; The mistreatment, torture and execution of captured or surrendered LTTE combatants, officials and supporters; Torture; Rape and sexual violence against women; Deportations and forcible transfer of individuals and families; Desecrating the dead; Human rights violations in the IDP camps during and after the end of the war: Shooting of Tamil citizens and LTTE supporters; Forced disappearances; Rape; Malnutrition; and Lack of medical supplies. War Crimes The actions included under the second point above clearly constitute â€Å"war crimes† committed by the Sri Lankan Government, its security forces and aligned paramilitary forces, as defined under the Geneva Conventions and in the Rome Statute, with regard to the following sections of Article 8. If this conflict is recognized as international in nature, the following charges would apply: (b) Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict, within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts: (i) Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities; (ii) Intentionally directing attacks against civilian objects, that is, objects which are not military objectives; (iv) Intentionally launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment which would be clearly excessive in relation to the concrete and direct overall military advantage anticipated; (vi) Killing or wounding a combatant who, having laid down his arms or having no longer means of defense, has surrendered at discretion; (ix) Intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not military objectives; (xxi) Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment; (xxii) Committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, as defined in article 7, paragraph 2 (f), enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence also constituting a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions; (xxv) Intentionally using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare by depriving them of objects indispensable to their survival, including willfully impeding relief supplies as provided for under the Geneva Conventions; If the conflict is of a domestic character, the following charges would apply: (c) In the case of an armed conflict not of an international character, serious violations of article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts committed against persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention or any other cause: (i) Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture; (ii) Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment; (iii) Taking of hostages; (iv) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all judicial guarantees which are generally recognized as indispensable. (e) Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an international character, within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts: (i) Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities; (iv) Intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not military objectives; (vi) Committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, as defined in article 7, paragraph 2 (f), enforced sterilization, and any other form of sexual violence also constituting a serious violation of article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions. Crimes against humanity The actions included under the points 1 (forced disappearances) and 3 (violations committed in the IDP camps during and after the war) clearly constitute â€Å"crimes against humanity†, as defined in the Rome Statute, Article 7, specifically in the following sections: Any of the following acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack: (a) Murder; (b) Extermination (d) Deportation or forcible transfer of population; (e) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of physical liberty in violation of fundamental rules of international law; (f) Torture; (g) Rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity; (h) Persecution against any identifiable group or collectivity on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender as defined in paragraph 3, or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law, in connection with any act referred to in this paragraph or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court; (i) Enforced disappearance of persons; (k) Other inhumane acts of a similar character intentionally causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or physical health. Post-war situation: After the decisive military victory over the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), there has been little progress in reconstructing Sri Lanka’s battered democratic institutions or establishing conditions for a stable peace (International crisis Group, 2010). On 26 January 2010, Mahinda Rajapaksa was re-elected president of Sri Lanka after a campaign marked by violence and conducted in an environment where the rule of law has largely collapsed. Rights groups and the Election Commissioner raised concerns about the widespread misuse of state resources by the Rajapaksa campaign, biased media coverage favouring the incumbent and physical intimidation of the opposition (Havilland, 2010). Although Haviland thought a number of factors helped Rajapaksa to sweep victory on 26 January 2010: his fiery rhetoric and sure popular touch; his emphasis on his role in last years war victory; and ordinary peoples sense that their streets are simply safer than they have been for the past 30 years because of the defeat of the Tamil Tigers (Havilland, 2010). The 8 February arrest of Rajapaksa’s main presidential challenger, the retired General Sarath Fonseka, has increased levels of political tension and provoked street protests and criticism from both the Buddhist and Christian clergy. Fonseka is due to be court martialed for having conspired against the government while still a member of the military. The government is also considering charging him in a civilian court with corruption and other crimes. During the campaign, Fonseka accused the Rajapaksa family of corruption and raised the issue of war crimes during the final months the war. On the day of his arrest, Fonseka announced he would be willing to provide evidence to a future international inquiry into war crimes charges against the state (International crisis Group, 2010). The government has maintained that there is no political motivation behind the arrest of Fonseka. We have repeatedly said that there is no political motive behind this. The law of the nation has been f ollowed, media minister Lakshman Yapa Aberyawardena told the press on Feb. 17(Perera, 2010). The brutal nature of the conflict, especially in its closing months, has undermined Sri Lanka’s democratic institutions and governance. All ethnic communities are suffering from the collapse of the rule of law. Disappearances and political killings associated with the government’s counter-insurgency campaign have dropped considerably since the end of the war. Impunity for abuses by state officials continues, however, and fear and self-censorship among civil society activists and political dissidents has grown stronger in the wake of the government’s post-election crackdown on its critics in the media and opposition party activists. The government continues to maintain and use the Prevention of Terrorism Act and Emergency Regulations to weaken its political opposition. The military defeat will not bring lasting peace: The very probable military crushing of the last Tigers in the strip of 10 km ² where they have fallen back will not resolve a political conflict which is more than 60 years old. No lasting peace will be possible without the recognition of the right to self-determination of the Tamil people. (Sabaà ¯, 2009). With separatist extremism conquered, it is necessary to change the ethnic and ideological profile of the police and military, currently almost totally Sinhalese, and make them and the judiciary more sensitive to multi-ethnic issues. Constitutional moves must be made, such as devolving powers to all the provinces, as the constitutions 13th Amendment calls for something many Tamils see as indispensable. (Haviland, 2010) Rajapksa’s election victory seems unlikely to move Sri Lanka in the direction of a sustainable peace. Despite vague promises about the need for reconciliation, Rajapaksa’s post-war policies have deepened rather than resolved the grievances that generated and sustained LTTE militancy. While the LTTE’s defeat and the end of its control over Tamil political life are historic and welcome changes, the victory over Tamil militancy will remain fragile unless Sinhalese-dominated political parties make strong moves towards a more inclusive and democratic state. International crisis Group in 2010 adds: The Rajapaksa government has initiated no political reforms to address the concerns of Tamils and other minorities. The government-sponsored All Party Representative Committee (APRC) designed to craft constitutional reforms has stopped meeting with no sign of an alternative process. Tamil and Muslim parties remain weak and divided, although recent encouraging initiatives to develop a common platform and build trust among Tamil-speaking parties deserve support. Inside and outside Sri Lanka, many Tamils remain angry at the lack of accounting or justice for the thousands of civilians killed in the final months of the war. Most of the million-strong diaspora is still committed to a separate state and many would be willing to support renewed violence. R. Swaminathan observes: President Rajapaksa and the armed forces of Sri Lanka are justifiably happy and proud of having â€Å"eliminated† (in mid-May 2009) the capabilities of LTTE to mount conventional military operations. I would, however, sound a note of caution that, while the militant leaders of a major terrorist group have been neutralized, terrorism as such cannot be eliminated till the basic grievances and deprivations of the Tamils are addressed and resolved. As long as the basic causes exist, there can be no guarantee that other similar groups/leaders may not emerge. It can be said without fear of contradiction that rehabilitation, reconciliation, development and restoration (of democracy) are the most essential measures to be taken. It is my view that there should be no rigidity in attempting these measures sequentially, and that efforts need to be made to attempt them almost simultaneously. War consists of a series of actions by the parties involved in the confrontation, but peace is a combination of a state of mind and harmony between all the different ethnic groups that populate Sri Lanka (Swaminathan, 2009). Conclusion: Almost one year passed since the war has been over but no significant moves have been noticed from the government of Sri Lanka to ease the situation and to bring peace. Moreover there are allegations of manipulation in the presidential election and also some quarters alleged that Rajapakse is trying to weaken his political rivals by various means. And it is quite evident that nepotism is in full swing after the parliamentary election and relatives of Rajapakse are getting important portfolios which signal the detrimental consequences over democracy. Military victory is not enough to bring peace until and unless the grievances of Tamils are addressed. The Sri Lankan government should take steps to normalize life in war-affected this would include reestablishing the primacy of the civilian administration over the military in the north, reducing high security zones, establishing a meaningful process of consultation with Tamil and Muslim leaders on development plans for the north and east, enforcing the language equality provisions of the constitution and maximizing the devolution of powers already granted to provincial councils under the thirteenth amendment. Meaningful steps should be taken to reestablish the rule of law for all Sri Lankans. Particular measures would include ending emergency rule and abolishing the Prevention of Terrorism Act, establishing the Constitutional Council and independent commissions (especially for police and human rights), depoliticizing the judiciary, ending the routine practice of police torture and prosecuting members of the security forces and paramilitaries against whom there is credible evidence o f human rights violations. References: Andersen, Morten Koch and Fernando, Basil (2009), The Phantom Limb: Failing Judicial Systems, Torture and Human Rights Work in Sri Lanka, Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) and The Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT), ahrchk.net/pub/pdf/ThePhantomLimb.pdf Bouckaert, Peter (2010), â€Å"Uncovering Sri Lankas war crimes†, hrw.org/en/news/2010/01/22/uncovering-sri-lankas-war-crimes Gasser, Hans-Peter (1993), International Humanitarian Law: An Introduction, Henry Dunant Institute, Haupt Haviland, Charles (2010), â€Å"Where now for post-election Sri Lanka?† newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south-asia/8487405stm?ad=1 Hull, Bryson and Sirilal, Ranga (2009), â€Å"Last phase of Sri Lanka war killed 6,200 troop – govt†, reuters.com/article/idUSSP463682 Human Rights Watch (2010), Country Summary: Sri Lanka, hrw.org/en/asia/sri-lanka Husain,Irfan (2009), â€Å"Sri Lanka’s post-war scenario†, dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/columnists /14-irfan-husain-sri-lankas-postwar-scenario-zj-02 International crisis Group (2010), â€Å"Sri Lanka: After the war†, crisisgroup.org/en/key-issues/sri-lanka-after-the-war.aspx Liddick, Eric Michael Gagnon, John T. (2009), â€Å"Striving for Peace and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka: A Creative Solution to Conflict†, War Crimes, Genocide Crimes against Humanity, Volume 3 (2009): 39-88, aa.psu.edu/journals/war-crimes/articles/V3/vol3art2.pdf Lunn, Jon; Taylor, Claire and Townsend, Ian (2009), War and peace in Sri Lanka, Research Paper 09/51, parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2009/rp09-051.pdf OConnor, Maura R. (2009a), â€Å"How Sri Lanka governs through detentions†, globalpost.com/dispatch/asia/090909/sri-lanka-emergency-regulations OConnor, Maura R. (2009b), â€Å"In peace, Sri Lankans still disappear†, globalpost.com/dispatch/asia/090430/peace-does-not-stop-sri-lanka-disappearances Patten, Chris (2010), â€Å"Sri Lankas Choice, and the Worlds Responsibility†, crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/sri-lankas-choice-and-the-worlds-responsibility.aspx Perera, Amantha (2010), â€Å"SRI LANKA: Post-Election Protests Fail to Get Wide Support†, ipsnews.net/news.asp Permanent People’s Tribunal (2010), Tribunal on Sri Lanka, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, 14-16 January 2010, ifpsl.org/images/files/peoples_tribunal_on_srilanka.pdf Pinto-Jayawardena, Kishali (2009), The Rule of Law in Decline:Study on Prevalence, Determinants and Causes of Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Sri Lanka uk.rct.dk/sitecore/shell/Controls/Rich%20Text%20Editor/~/media/Files/Sri_Lanka_study_printver270409%20pdf.ashx Sabaà ¯, Danielle (2009), â€Å"No future without a political solution†, internationalviewpoint.org/ spip.php? auteur467 Suryanarayan, V. (1999), â€Å"Devolution Proposal in Sri Lanka: A Critique†, in Nancy Jetly (ed.), Regional Security in South Asia: The Ethno-Sectarian Dimensions, The University Press Limited, Dhaka Swaminathan, R. (2009), â€Å"Post-War Sri Lanka- Concerns and Reservations†, Paper no. 3299, southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers33%5Cpaper3299.html Tamiya (2009), â€Å"International Humanitarian Law Sri Lankas Inhumane War still†, nowpublic.com/world/international-humanitarian-law-sri-lankas-inhumane-war-still U.S. Department of State (2009), Report to Congress on Incidents During the Recent Conflict in Sri Lanka, state.gov/documents/organization/131025.pdf Research Papers on Post-War Review of Sri LankaQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBringing Democracy to AfricaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Marketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWCapital Punishment

Telephonica Global Strategy, Structure, and Operations Essay

Telephonica Global Strategy, Structure, and Operations - Essay Example The economics of scale in producing and marketing a product in the same way worldwide would produce substantially lower costs, and thus allow lower prices that would overcome remaining differences in tastes. According to the case study: "the telecommunications industry has today become the largest in the world, generating $US 1 trillion (US$1,000 billion) in revenues in 1998 in worldwide service revenues and equipment sales. In 1997, telecom services alone generated a revenue in excess of USS650 billion" (Telephonica Today, 1999). Globalization allows Telephonica to maintain high-speed growth through continuous optimization of is product mix and constant technological innovation. It has also realized rapid expansion through capital injections. In 1997 Telephonica became "a completely private company" and has begun to follow a strategy of withdrawing from small markets with limited potential for its core products and to look for markets in countries with a major growth potential for telecommunication industry. "The first half of 1999 was putting Telef6nica's aggressive strategy of investing in Latin America to the test" (Telephonica Today, 1999). The choice of Brazil was not accidental. This market is considered as the most potential one for telecommunication industry because it had the poorest telecommunication infrastructure development among other Latin American countries. The other potential markets were Argentina, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, El Salvador and Chili. The situation is marked by two factor - specification, which is to do with the 'design quality' of service, and conformity, which is to do with the 'process' quality which is achieved are of particular importance to customers. The main challenge is that Telephonica is well-positioned to take on this important global leadership role. It has the global resources and certainly has the technological capability. According to Johnson and Scholes (1998) the size of the investment required by a business wishing to enter an industry is an important determinant of the extent new entrants. The higher the investment required, the less the threat from new entrants. The lower the required investment, the greater is the threat. In this situation: "Telefonica saw opportunity in Latin America whereas most other companies saw risk, and is now present in nine countries with an annual average growth of 13% since 1995" (Telephonica Today, 1999). Another important challenge of global strategy applied by Telephonica is the concept of international culture, which "was absent in the world of telecommunication at that time" (Case study). Latin America has a complex culture which interacts with business in the way of socialization (the influences which shape behaviour in a particular social setting). At its deepest level. In spite this fact, it was more easy for a Spanish-based company to penetrate into Latin American market and gain its competitice position. Another important opportunity is great belief of management team in potential and success. Juan Villalonga commented that "Latin America is to Telefobica what the United States is to AT&T, It is our home, our culture and our language" (Telephonica Today, 1999). In general, it is possible to say that culture in Telephonica is based on the interrelationship of strategy formulation and implementation. The success of the company was caused by correlation of strategy, structure,

Lone Wolf Terrorism and National Security Research Paper

Lone Wolf Terrorism and National Security - Research Paper Example A security officer died in that incidence. In early 2010, a protestor flew a plane into an office of IRS in Austin, Texas, injuring 13 bystanders and killing himself. 2009’S Christmas Day attempt to fell a jetliner using a bomb and a 2000 failed car bombing in Times Square were allegedly done by one person. In addition, the following incidents were connected to a single person, a 2010 effort to bomb New York subway lines, a plot in 2010 to blow up the residence of former president George W. Bush in Dallas, the shooting of Congresswoman for Arizona, and some of her followers in Tucson, and an attempt by a bomber to blow himself up in 2012 inside the building. The episodes have created serious concern at the top of the political order, and the apparent threat of unrelated terrorism has prompted crucial changes in requirements for hindering its occurrence, which include the beginning of a â€Å"lone wolf provision†. The provision was introduced into the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) of America. The phrase ‘lone wolf’ was made popular in the 1990s by white supremacists Alex Curtis and Tom Metzger in order to encourage other racists to take action alone for security  reasons when performing violent crimes. Other phrases used to depict similar types of political violence are ‘leaderless resistance’, ‘freelance terrorism’ and ‘individual terrorism’. In modern days, the media and US law enforcement agencies use the term "lone wolf" to refer to people undertaking brutal terrorist acts outside an authority structure. The lone wolf operates to advance the philosophical or ideological faiths of an extremist group (Michael, 2012). The lone wolf methods and tactics are directed on their own. In many cases, a lone wolf never has contact with any group they have links with.     

Motivation And Employee Performance Commerce Essay

Motivation And Employee Performance Commerce Essay Motivation vs employee performance is a typical topic of human resource management. Performance can be increased by motivating employees. Motivated employees can perform better than unmotivated employees within an organisation. Every individual need some kind of motives to perform their jobs in significant manner. In this era there are many tips are available to motivate their employees but we have some different theories in which we can utilize in the corporate level to improve the productivity of the organization. These theories are divided into two parts: Content Theories Process Theories From the above the most common theories now a days are: Maslows hierarchy of needs model Herzbergs two-factor theory Herzbergs two factor theory is modified form of the Maslows hierarchy of needs. The purpose of these theories is same how to get better performance from an individual. ASDA walmart, Dell Computers, IBM, Starbucks and McDonald are using these theories in different ways to achieve their specific goals in their industries. These companies are well known in their own field. They are keep motivating their employees to achieve the best result. With a positive motivation philosophy and practice in place, productivity, quality and service should improve because motivation helps people towards: achieving goals; gaining a positive perspective; creating the power to change; building self-esteem and capability; and managing their development and helping others. Introduction: Definition of Employee performance: Employee performance is how well an employee performed his assigned job or task. Definition of Motivation: Its a psychological feature that arouses an organism to action towards a desired goal, the reason for that act so the thing which is approach the human being he do that. The performance of employees contributes toward the success of any organization. Employee performance can be increased by motivating them. Motivation is basically an energetic dose which is necessary for the employees in any organisation to increase the productivity of the organisation. The study of motivation is concerned. Why people behave in a different Way and how they attempt to achieve some goal in order to fulfil the requirement and needs or expectations. They have individual variety of changing, and competing, needs and expectations. One useful three-fold they much worked at your work place economic, intrinsic and social. Following are the some real life examples of the companies how they motivate their employees. The most important factor of motivation is to align the goal, purpose and values between staff, team and management. The problem occurs when there is a gap between staff and management. Corporate Examples of Motivation Performance: ASDA Wal-Mart Super Stores: ASDA has 321 stores with 148,000 employees in the UK. ASDA employees are motivated to being able to help the customers. They offer a competitive package for motivation of their staff. According to Hierarchy of Need theory (Maslow, 1943) an individual can better perform if he is provided basic needs first. He provides hierarchical needs of a worker which need to be fulfilled to get better results from an individual. figure: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs The basis of this theory is that workers are being motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that lower needs are provided before the higher needs to an individual. He gave an order of need in which he believes that this order should be followed to motivate an individual. ASDA provide basic needs to their colleagues so they can perform their job without any stress and feel happiness by helping the community. Their slogan is: Always Happy to Help They fulfil the physiological needs of workers by providing on time salaries i.e. after every four week and there is a system of break i.e. after every 4 hour it is necessary to have a 15 minutes break to work for another 3 to 4 hours. According to above theory the second higher need for a worker is secured work place and in ASDA stores company provide a confidence of safety by placing technical devices like cameras, fire alarms and security officers to handle any kind of threats and demoralise the staff. To obtain the desired results of help, they emphasise on the basic needs of their staff they provide some benefits. ASDA believe in unique and valued contribution of their employees. Following are some benefits from ASDA to their staff to motivate them. ASDA offer 10% discount to their employees on shopping in any ASDA store. Annually bonus provided to the staff. Free of charge uniform any time colleague need. Wall-mart has been empowering its workforce through training to ensure that those who show progress in their performance are well awarded through promotion. Therefore following the McGregor theory of motivation, they are effectively using recognition in achievement as an important ways to motivate their workers. McDonalds: McDonalds business is simple People-Profit-Chain model. McDonald adheres to the principle that The result is done by a man. The company has based its success on the motivation theories having altered only some aspects of them. They follow simple theoretical rules to increase the performance of their employees. Sensible increment on employees salaries. One aim per person is better than to have multi purposes. The aim must change. Every department should have different elaborated systems of motivation. The company applies three components of the motivation system: Financial encouragement Non financial encouragement Social policy These three factors described by Maslows hierarchy of need theory. Maslow says that all these needs must be fulfilled one after another but McDonalds strategy shows that simultaneously fulfilment of these needs can increase the employees performance. The reality is that an employee has a set of needs in every hardened moment. According to above McDonalds has effective motivation system that makes it possible to increase employees performance, and enhance the companys productivity. The administrators have used the specific techniques on the basis of motivation theories. Having applied the procedure of assembly line in food preparation, McDonalds has ensured the standard quality of the production and the high performance. Besides, the company has implemented effective motivation strategy that is based on the existing motivation theories. Consequently, on the basis of the research we can say that every company has its own system of behaviour explanation and every concrete case should be examined as the McDonalds company case. Motivation theories, such as Maslows theory and Self Determination Theory should serve as the basis for elaborating a strategy which will direct managers forces towards the aim employee satisfaction via intrinsic motivation and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs model. Starbucks: Starbucks corporation is the most famous chain of retail coffee shops in the World. (Michelli, 2006) As a result, Starbucks would be one of the optimal business models for the strategies of employee motivation, customer satisfaction and cooperation of teamwork. The Chief Executive of Starbucks corporation, Howard Schultz believes that the spirit of Starbucks is employees and feels honored about the value of Starbucks employees. The company offers an interactive structure that makes personnel instil themselves into their job; hence they can motivate partners to satisfy themselves then achieving a new level of performance. Following are some preset rules for the employees of company. Treat employees as partners Each employee will get vacation and personal time. Employees get discounts on Starbucks product. Training for all employees including managers The managers in Starbucks treat every single worker equally and all of the staffs are called partners, even the supervisors of each branch are called it as well. In order to narrow the gap between managers and employees, they also co-work with the basic level staffs in the front line. The partners of the company have the right to figure out what is the best policy for them, and the directors show a respect for each suggestion. Starbucks has a well-organized communication channel for employees. It places a great importance on labours. For example, managers plan the working hours per workers and arrange the schedule of time off, according to their wants to meet their requirements. There are interviews weekly to see what employees need is. All employees, including informal personnel, are offered a great deal of welfare policies, for instance, commodities discounts for employees, medical insurance (including health, vision and dentil) and vacations. According the Maslow hierarchy of need, money is one of the most important factors in the motivation of the most important motivator. However according to the Hertzbergs two factor model of motivation, it tend to have short term effect on the motivation of the workforce, it has been identified as one of the most important factor in the overall motivation of the workforce. At the higher levels of his hierarchy where praise, respect, recognition and empowerment, these companies has been using this model by ensuring that they recognize the performance of their workers. figure: Herzbergs Two Factor Theory IBM: IBM has in particular upheld the spirit of team work which is important in motivation according to McGregor XY Theory. figure: McGregor Theory X and Y IBM has been emphasizing the development of effective communication between its workforces by ensuring healthy team competition. IBM sets goals for each employee working in the company which ensures that the employee is achieving the certain target. Company believe in high level of team spirit. Employees work in a team to complete the specific tasks or projects. Dell: Dell Computers is a world most famous company. Dell has sets some rules to motivate their employees so they can perform well. The CEO of the company believes that an employee can perform well if he or she work like an owner or partner of the company. To motivate an employee to think like an owner, you have to give them metric she can embrace, says Michael Dell, CEO of Dell Computer Corporation. At Dell Computers, Every workers incentives compensation are tied to the health of the business. Managers usually explained specifically how the employees can contribute the business and doing things right the first time. There is a core incentive program for all employees in the company. Among other incentives, Dell Inc. gives every employee a week off at Christmas and 10 paid days a year for a personal use. This corporate philosophy is called The Soul of Dell, Dell pays incentives to their employees and also emphasise on the emotional side to keep them motivated. Dell also keeps appraised their employees. The management keep informed their employees about any change in company or any international aid made by the company. This is exactly the same theory which is provided by Herzberg. Dell managers are ensured to balance the satisfiers and dis-satisfiers. Procedures and policies of the company may cause dissatistaction. To reduce this dissatisfaction Dell believes the best method is to raise the awareness of the employees and encourage them to get involved in the creation of policies of the company. By doing this employees can recognise the change and feel confident and the result and result will be the better performance. Herzbergs second factor i.e. Motivators. This is the factor that stimulate the employees to perform well jobs. Dell has a significant promotion procedure and reward policy to create a challenging environment for the employees. And the result is healthy and productive environment in the company. Conclusion: Motivation is necessary to increase the performance of the organization and productivity. Different companies are following the different theories, in every organisation motivate to the employee is important role for the managers according to Frederick two factor motivation theory. Herzberg describe that there are two elements on the work place satisfied and dissatisfied in the employee. However, we have seen from the discussions above that there still appears to be general support for the theories of Maslow and Herzberg and McGregor. A Chartered Management Institute checklist maintains that these theories are still valid today. A basic understanding of their main Principles will be invaluable for building a climate of honesty, openness and trust. From a 12-year study of the use of management concepts in technical organisations, Flores and Utley found the work of Mallow and McGregor the most popular motivational theories and also refer to the relationship between Mallow and Herzberg and the successful implementation of quality systems. Whatever the popularity of different theories of motivation, doubts are raised about their universality on the ground that they have not adequately addressed the factor of culture. Recommendations: Motivating employees to get best performance from the employees is not a typical science and there is no single rule to implement for each and every employee. Different peoples working in a same organisation can have different problems and different attitudes to perform their certain jobs. First we need to know the employee how he can perform well and what his or her desires are. Maslows theory of Hierarchal need and Herzberg two factors theory can help to analyse and fulfil the requirements of an individual. Here are some general recommendations we can try to motivate staff. Encourage employees all the time before, during and after the work. Recognise and reward a job well done. Offer financial incentives. Promote fun and happiness at the workplace.

Promote Child And Young Person Development Essay

1. Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development When assessing children and young people it has to be done sensitively and accurately. There are a number of factors to be taking in to account, such as confidentiality. If you want to carry out an observation on a child you have to have permission from a parent or guardian that who is responsible for that child. Most parents guardians are happy for you to observe there child although parent will not want other parent or other people to have no involvement such as reading reports as they don’t want them to know how their child’s development is getting on. By following the parents request you must not leave note books or files lying around for other parents or people to see as they want it to stay confidential. When storing confidential information it should be stored carefully and make sure when you are discussing a child that you are only doing it with other practitioners within the se tting. Also when assessing children their wishes and feelings should be taking into consideration. Children have rights just as much as adults, there will be times when it is not appropriate to observe children. For example if a child a child has become unsettled when doing an activity such as art work and they don’t like the paint. It is also when doing an observation it has to be written in a respectful manor. Ethnic, linguistic and cultural background needs to be taken into account because it is important that we assess the children’s development reliably. Sometimes the child’s behaviour, skill and interests are shown independently by the children because of their ethnic, linguistic or cultural background, for example a child may not take part in a story like the three little pigs because they see the pigs as dirty. As an observer may see this as the child not being interested in this book or drama. Bearing in mind that the linguistic background is particularly important because the child may not show these kind of skills because the words are not familiar. Also disability and specific requirement is where some children or young people with a disability needs to be taken into consideration when doing an observation. In schools this is accepted, for example you may have children  with dyslexia may need extra time when it comes to sitting test, while in a nursery children need one to one with an adult and may need to give one instruction at a time. If a practitioner does not understand the child’s disability this will lead to underestimating and child’s ability. All children and young people rely on you as a practitioner. There is no point in assessing a child’s development unless we do it so fairly accurately. Statements show that if you don’t do observations accurately it will harm the child’s development especially if it leads to the adults underestimating the child’s ability and progress. This means that we have to consider the reliability of the information we gather and also the limitation s of any observations methods that we may use. 1.2. Assess a child or young person’s development in the following areas: a. †¢ Physical b. †¢ Communication c. †¢ Intellectual/cognitive d. †¢ Social, emotional and behavioural e. †¢ Moral 3. Explain the selection of the assessment methods used 4. Develop a plan to meet the development needs of a child or young person in the work setting. Outcome 2 Be able to promote the development of children or young people 1. Implement the development plan for a child or young person according to own role and responsibilities, taking into account that development is holistic and interconnected 2. Evaluate and revise the development plan in the light of implementation 3. Explain the importance of a person centred and inclusive approach and give examples of how this is implemented in own work 4. Listen to children or young people and communicate in a way that encourages them to feel valued 5. Encourage children or young people to actively participate in decisions affecting their lives and the services they receive according to their age and abilities. Outcome 3 Be able to support the provision of environments and services that promote the development of children or young people 1. Explain the features of an environment or service that promotes the development of children and young people Outcome 4 Understand how working practices can impact on the development of children and young people 1.  Explain how own working practice can affect children and young people’s development 2. Explain how institutions, agencies and services can affect children and young people’s development Outcome 5 Be able to support children and young people’s positive behaviour 2. Evaluate different approaches to supporting positive behaviour Outcome 6 Be able to support children and young people experiencing transitions 1. Explain how to support children and young people experiencing different types of transitions